Arrays in Forth
A natural question that beginners often ask is: Why doesn't Forth have features that are standard in other languages, for example, arrays? The answer is that Forth is so facile at creating new data types that it is usually easier to invent something that exactly suits your needs than it is to force your program to conform to an arbitrary standard. Indexed and unindexed arraysThe term array in Forth has come to signify two different kinds of structures, which I distinguish by calling them unindexed and indexed.
"Variable-like" and other kinds of indexed arraysI call an indexed array variable-like if it returns an address. One can also have value-like arrays that return their contents, execution arrays ("vectors") that perform the contained action, and mixed arrays composed of several of these types. Many Forth implementations provide a variable-like indexed array called simply array. It creates a 1-dimension variable-like array with elements one cell in length. Most programmers think of this when "array" is mentioned, and may even assume that it is standard. Its popularity is warranted, as it is quick and simple. Note that using 3 as the index returns the fourth element, because numbering conventionally starts with zero in Forth. If you wish, you can change the definition so that 1 becomes the first element, but it's probably better if, for example, you want an array of size 100, to define it with 101 elements and ignore the first one. : array ( n -- ) ( i -- addr) create cells allot does> cells + ; 100 array foo \ Make an array with 100 cells 3 foo \ Return address of fourth element Remember, zero is the first element.
A flexible arrayThe elements of array are limited to a single cell in length. This is not adequate even for our first adventure game, Game 0, which will need five cells to store data for each room: one for the room descriptor, and four for the destinations. The defining word long-element-array will create variable-like arrays whose elements are any desired length. At compile-time, the number of elements and their length in cells are on the stack, and at run-time, an index returns the address of the corresponding element. In the example, the array th-room provides for 10 rooms of 5 cells each. : long-element-array ( n len -- ) ( i -- addr) create dup , * cells allot does> dup @ swap * cells + ; 10 5 long-element-array th-room \ Create array for 10 rooms 4 th-room \ Find address of room 4 SubfieldsDividing array elements into fieldsSince the records of an array may may contain multiple data items, we need a way to access their components. The principle is simple: add an offset. To make it easy, we will construct a defining word to create the offsets. Before defining a group of offsets, reset the variable current-offset to 0. Then define each offset according to how many cells it will contain. variable current-offset : offset ( n -- ) ( addr -- addr') create current-offset @ , does> @ cells + ; In Game 0, each room needs 5 cells: 1 to contain the room-descriptor (actually a pointer to a Forth word that will print the string) and 4 for directions, north, east, south, and west. I name the offsets with a right curly-bracket, which is pronounced "to." Remember that an offset finds an address. You still have to fetch or otherwise manipulate the data at that address. current-offset off \ Set variable to 0 1 offset }descriptor 1 offset }north 1 offset }east 1 offset }south 1 offset }west \ Examples: 3 th-room }north @ \ Rm# The room north of room 3 4 th-room }descriptor @ execute \ Print the description of room 4 "Faking" an indexed arrayMuch of the above-described apparatus is unnecessary if your program has only one or two arrays.
An array of bitsIt is possible to make an area of RAM into an array of bits, each of which can be accessed by number, as described in Learning Forth Bit by Bit. The following code meets requrements for an ANS Forth standard program. Updated: 7/25/96Source code: unindexed-array ( n -- ) ( -- a) create allot ; 80 unindexed-array u-foo \ Make an 80-byte unindexed array u-foo \ Return the origin addr of u-foo : array ( n -- ) ( i -- addr) create cells allot does> cells + ; 100 array foo \ Make an array with 100 cells 3 foo \ Return address of fourth element : long-element-array ( n len -- ) ( i -- addr) create dup , * cells allot does> dup @ rot * cells + ; 10 5 long-element-array th-room \ Create array for 10 rooms 4 th-room \ Find address of room 4 variable current-offset : offset ( n -- ) ( addr -- addr') create current-offset @ , does> @ cells + ; current-offset off \ Set variable to 0 1 offset }descriptor 1 offset }north 1 offset }east 1 offset }south 1 offset }west \ Examples: 3 th-room }north @ \ Rm# The room north of room 3 4 th-room }descriptor @ execute \ Print the description of room 4 |